Population ageing is a global phenomenon and occurring most rapidly in countries in Asia, which have experienced a rapid decline in fertility and mortality. Malaysia is one such country. The increase in life expectancy along with a rising cost of living has meant that many elderly women are exposed to the risk of poverty in later life. This is also due to the inability of the current pension system in Malaysia to recognise interruptions during employment. In the West, there has been extensive research highlighting how living longer combined with an early retirement age and having disruptions during employment years may lead to an inadequate retirement income and affect the quality of life during retirement. Such research is lacking in the Malaysian context. This research therefore investigated the effectiveness of Malaysia’s current pension system to deliver an adequate income in retirement, taking into account the differences in life course experienced by women, particularly interrupted work histories as a result of care-taking responsibilities as well as differences in educational level. This study used a hypothetical simulation model – MHYRISA (Malaysian Hypothetical Retirement Income Simulation Analysis) model to simulate different scenarios. The findings suggest that women with gaps and disruptions during employment will not be able to maintain their standard of living in later life under the present pension system due to the low replacement rate level generated. The findings also suggest that the current retirement age and contribution rate should be increased and also reconsidering the pre-retirement withdrawals policy in order to provide an adequate retirement income during old age. The government should also consider providing a pension credit contribution to women who are unemployed due to care-taking responsibilities, so that they are lifted out of poverty during old age.

Population ageing is a global phenomenon and occurring most rapidly in countries in Asia, which have experienced a rapid decline in fertility and mortality. Malaysia is one such country. The increase in life expectancy along with a rising cost of living has meant that many elderly women are exposed to the risk of poverty in later life. This is also due to the inability of the current pension system in Malaysia to recognise interruptions during employment. In the West, there has been extensive research highlighting how living longer combined with an early retirement age and having disruptions during employment years may lead to an inadequate retirement income and affect the quality of life during retirement. Such research is lacking in the Malaysian context. This research therefore investigated the effectiveness of Malaysia’s current pension system to deliver an adequate income in retirement, taking into account the differences in life course experienced by women, particularly interrupted work histories as a result of care-taking responsibilities as well as differences in educational level. This study used a hypothetical simulation model – MHYRISA (Malaysian Hypothetical Retirement Income Simulation Analysis) model to simulate different scenarios. The findings suggest that women with gaps and disruptions during employment will not be able to maintain their standard of living in later life under the present pension system due to the low replacement rate level generated. The findings also suggest that the current retirement age and contribution rate should be increased and also reconsidering the pre-retirement withdrawals policy in order to provide an adequate retirement income during old age. The government should also consider providing a pension credit contribution to women who are unemployed due to care-taking responsibilities, so that they are lifted out of poverty during old age.

قسمتی از متن:
روان شناسی علم تحقیق در رفتار موجودات زنده و به ویژه در تفکر، احساس و رفتار بشر است . به همین دلیل از چندی پیش روان شناسان علاقه شدیدی نسبت به مشکلات عملی که برای افراد بشر پیش می آید و راه حل هایی که می توان برای آنها پیشنهاد داد، پیدا کردند. منظور روان شناسی، علاوه بر پیشرفت علمی و صنفی، بهبود بخشیدن به زندگی انسان نیز هست. این علاقه روز افزون روان شناسان به مسائل روزمره و علمی بشر موجب شده است که دانش ما در افراد، به ویژه کسانی که دچار مشکلات روانی هستند به طور قابل ملاحظه ای افزایش یابد. عدم سازش و وجود اختلالات رفتار در جوامع انسانی بسیار مشهود و فراوان است.
در هر طبقه و صنفی و در هر گروه و جمعی اشخاص نامتعادلی زندگی می کنند . بنابر این در مورد همه افراد ، اعم از کارگر ، دانش پژوه ، پزشک ، مهندس ، کشاورز ، استاد دانشگاه و … ، خطر ابتلا به ناراحتی های روانی وجود دارد . به عبارت دیگر هیچ فرد انسانی در برابر امراض مصونیت ندارد . البته دانستن اینکه هر شخصی ممکن است گرفتار ناراحتی روانی شود ، خود به خود کافی نیست ؛ زیرا بهداشت روانی تنها منحصر به تشریح علل اختلالات رفتار نیست ، بلکه هدف اصلی آن پیشگیری از وقوع ناراحتی هاست . پیشگیری به معنای وسیع آن ، عبارتست از به وجود آوردن عواملی که مکمل زندگی سالم و طبیعی است ، به علاوه ی درمان اختلالات جزئی رفتار ، به منظور جلوگیری از وقوع بیماری های شدید روانی (شاملو، ۱۳۷۸).